Cause and effect Essay lagi

Cause and effect Essay

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Definition:

In this kind of essay, the aim is to explain the causes (reasons) or the effects (results) of an event or situation.

    e.g. Causes of air pollution (multiple factors leading to air pollution).

    e.g. Effects of watching too much TV (many effects of a situation).

Sometimes an event causes something to happen, and that situation leads to another event, and it causes another event to happen. This is called the causal chain or domino effect.

    e.g. Use of deodorants will bring the end of the world.

There may be several causes or effects of a situation. However, in a student essay, it is advisable to keep the number of major points to 2 or 3, which form separate developmental paragraphs.

Organization:

Depending on the topic, there may be three patterns of organization:

1. Multiple causes-->effect

In this pattern, the organization is as follows:

thesis statement: Air pollution is caused by the following factors: exhaust gases from cars, uncontrolled factory releases, and burning of low-quality coal for heating.

I. exhaust gases from cars

    A. government does not have enough control

    B. citizens are not conscientious

II. uncontrolled factory gases

    A. no regular checks on gases released

    B. factories are inside the borders of residential areas

III. burning of low-quality coal for heating

    A. no governmental control

    B. other forms of energy too expensive

Each developmental paragraph is devoted to one of the causes of air pollution. Each cause is supported by two minor supports. While writing, these major and minor ideas should be adequately explained and exemplified as well.

2. Cause-->Multiple effects

In this pattern, the effects of a certain situation  are explained in separate paragraphs, with the following organization:

thesis statement: Watching too much TV is one of the major sociological issues of this century, which has many effects on the physiology and psychology of people.

I. eating disorders

    A. TV meals

    B. obesity

II. communication problems

    A. more violence

    B. no interpersonal talk

   

Again, we have grouped related effects under two main points: physiological and psychological. Then, we have supported each effect with two minor supports (A and B). While writing, we should explain these major and minor supports by giving examples and/or defining what we mean, as well.

3. Causal chain / Domino

In this pattern, the events lead to one another, as in the following organization:

thesis statement: Using deodorants with chlorofluorocarbon gas will bring the end of world.

I. Chlorofluorocarbon gases are contained in most deodorants  and released by  some factories  into the air.

II. This gas causes the ozone layer  to become thinner and finally disappear in patches.

III. The unfiltered ultraviolet rays of the sun cause overheating in the poles of the earth, where the icebergs start to melt.

IV. The huge amount of water released from the poles leads to a rise in the sea-level.

V. The sea will cover the land and this will be the end of the world.

Again, each major point should be supported with examples, statistics that show that there are some factories and deodorants that release chlorofluorocarbons, that there is a rise in the sea-level, etc.

Language:

To explain reasons and results, we use:

As a result,

As a consequence,

Consequently,

So,

Since

As,

Because

One reason why ...

One of the most important reasons why ...

The main reasons why ...

There are other reasons, too, ...

Do not forget that using transitions enables the piece of writing to be coherent; it is easier for the reader to follow our ideas when transitions are used to link them together. However, overuse of transitions causes a traffic jam and should be avoided. We should be using transitions sparingly (only when necessary).

Sample cause and effect essay

EFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV

Discoveries and invention of devices  are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects on human beings.

One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specifications for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed in people who like watching TV and eating snacks  everyday (there is even a term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it – it is addictive.

Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One  is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sensitivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end with divorces.

Shortly, inventions are meant to be beneficial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only – being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psychological effects of watching too much TV.

____________________________________________________________

Written by Oya Ozagac, September 2004

Academic Resource Center

Wheeling Jesuit University

Ground Floor Ignatius Hall x4473 www.wju.edu/arc

How Do I Write a Cause-Effect Essay?

Your mission, should you choose to accept it (and since your composition grade hangs in

the balance, the ARC’s advice is to accept it enthusiastically), is to write a cause-effect

essay. You’ll need a thesis, of course, but before you can develop one, you’ll need to

establish a few cause-effect parameters.

1. What effect or effects will you be analyzing in the essay?

2. What causal chain leads to the effect?

3. What primary cause (also known as the main cause, or necessary cause, or

first cause) is the basis for the causal chain, and thus, the basis for

the effect? (It’s imperative to establish a causal chain, but it’s not enough.

There can be more than one chain; there can be more than one effect; but there

should only be one primary cause.)

4. What relationship will you be trying to establish between cause and

effect (your topic), and why (your thesis) ?

Causes

ü First, of course, there is the primary cause. This is the necessary

cause without which the effect could not occur; it’s the first link inany causal chains that follows.

ü Then there are the sufficient causes, which by themselves might

produce the effect you’ve chosen to discuss in your paper, yet still

find their root farther back along the chain in the primary cause.

Example:

Say that your topic is the causes for the effect of roommate feuds.

• Contributing causes might be sloppiness, bad music, and staying up all night.

• Trace that back a bit further in the chain and you may find a sufficient

cause like the differences between two roommates (one’s sloppy, one’s neat; one

likes Mozart, the other likes Snoop Dogg, one’s a morning person, the other’s a night owl).

• Many people stop here, and sometimes this is as far as you can go. But

often a sufficient cause isn’t the primary cause. Isn’t it possible, in other

words, for two people who are substantially different to co-exist? If you

don’t think so, your sufficient cause may in fact be your primary cause (and

you may have identified the point of your cause-effect analysis: People who are

substantially different should not be expected to co-exist).

If, on the other hand, you’re not such a pessimist and you believe that people who

are substantially different can in fact co-exist, you’ll want to trace the cause of

roommate enmity back a bit further than how different the two people are—

perhaps to their unwillingness to cooperate, to compromise, to adjust (and again,

you’ll have discovered not only a primary cause but also the point of your essay: People who are

substantially different can co-exist, as long as they are willing to work at it) .

Effects

ü Not every cause-effect paper is about causes.

ü Some may in fact center on the effects of a single cause.

Example:

Consider the topic of acid rain: there may be several effects worth discussing,

all leading to the point of the essay: that acid rain is causing enough damaging

effects in our world that it’s worth taking the steps necessary to eliminate the

problem. Eliminating that problem, of course, would be another paper—one that

examines the causes of acid rain (thus making acid rain the effect of the paper) . In the

case of acid rain as cause, you might still want to briefly review what makes acid

rain—in other words, you’d be acknowledging that acid rain doesn’t exist in a

vacuum. Acid rain thus temporarily becomes the effect caused by all sorts of

environmental hazards, foremost among them air pollution. Your conclusion, then,

could move back to that original cause, our insensitivity to our own environment,

which is the primary cause in the chain leading to acid rain, and point to that

cause as the culprit that needs to be addressed if we’re to see an end not only to

acid rain but to the environmental effects you’ve discussed in your essay.

Things to Watch for

How do you know when you’ve gone far enough?

Let’s go back to the acid rain example. Suppose that we take as the primary cause

industrialization in the second half of the 20th century. Already we’re probably at the

outskirts of what is feasible for an English 105 composition. And is this the primary

cause, or does human greed fit into the picture somewhere even farther back along the

causal chain? Sometimes too much of a good thing is just that:

Don’t lose control of an essay by trying to cover something too broad.

Focus your analysis.

Narrow your topic.

Talk to the ARC, or best of all, talk to your professor.

ü

ü

ü

ü

A few other traps to avoid:

ü Don’t end up writing a process paper (getting caught up in the causal chain

for its own sake—what’s the significance of your argument?).

ü Don’t end up writing a comparison-contrast or classification-division

paper (easy to do with something like the first example of the feuding

roommates).

ü Make sure you’ve got all those questions listed at the beginning of this

handout covered, and you should be pretty safe.

ü Finally, watch out for that famous missing link in the causal chain. A

causal chain without one of its links is like evolution without those

innovative amphibians: how would we ever have made it out of the

water without them?

Structuring the Cause Essay

II.

Introduction

Provide thesis, basis for causal chain, and identify effect or effects; the

key question is, What caused this?

•

II.

Body

III. Conclusion

Discuss various links in the causal chain, either tracing it backwards from

effect to first cause, or beginning with the first cause.

Use transitions to ANALYZE the process rather than simply providing what

amounts to a glorified play-by play narration (also know as process)

Present the causes chronologically and without missing links.

•

•

•

Return to thesis, then speculate on possible first causes to right a bad

effect or possible other causes that might have destroyed or otherwise

altered the good effect.

•

Structuring the Effects Essay

I.

Introduction

Provide thesis and basis for effects, describe primary cause; may use more

than one paragraph. The key question is, What effects result from this

cause?

•

II.

Body

Discuss each effect, tracing its path back to the causal chain and the root

cause.

•

III. Conclusion

effect • Return to thesis; speculate on possible first cause to right each bad

                                                                                                                           

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Page 1

Sample Outline Cause/Effect Essay

I Intro:

Lead:……………………………………………………………………….…..

Thesis Statement:

………………………………is a big problem in Thailand/modern society etc.

Or

These days many people like to………………………………………………

Guide:

There are three main causes of……………..in ……………….:_____________,

________________, and____________________.

Or

There are three main effects of………………..in…………….:_____________,

________________, and____________________.

Or

There are three main reasons why people like to……………………………….,

________________, ________________, and____________________.

II One cause of /effect of/ reason why……………………………………………

1. Support/example 1

2. Support/example 2

III Another cause of /effect of/ reason

why…………………………………………

3. Support/example 1

4. Support/example 2

IV A third cause of /effect of/ reason why………………………………………

5. Support/example 1

6. Support/example 2

V Conclusion (suggest a solution)

In Conclusion……………………………………………………………………

Writing an Effective Outline

By Stacie Heaps Professional Writer and Editor

Unless you are writing a very short, simple document, you should begin the writing process with an outline in order to guide your writing. An outline is a document that briefly summarizes the information that will be included in a paper, book, speech, or similar document. It shows the order in which the information will be presented and indicates the relationship of the pieces of information to each other.

Outlines are important because not only do they allow you to map your thoughts into a coherent, logical organization, they also let you know early in the writing process if an idea for a paper, book, or other project just isn't going to pan out because you don't have enough supporting material or information or because the idea simply isn't sound. Moreover, outlines indicate early on whether you have left out important information or added superfluous ideas. Fortunately, word processors have made writing outlines (and papers) much simpler because they make it very easy to add, delete, reorganize, or even completely revamp information as much and as often as necessary.

Writing an outline is also a great remedy to writer's block, as it allows you to express your ideas briefly without getting unduly bogged down in the details or in correct grammar or word choice too early on in the writing process.

Writing the Outline

Before beginning your outline, you want to have your preliminary research done—you can't write an outline until you know more or less what it is you are going to talk about. After you have researched your topic, you can then determine your thesis, or the main idea or point that you want to argue in your document. After deciding on a thesis statement, you need to identify several supporting points that substantiate your thesis. These supporting points will be the main ideas of your outline.

At the top of the page, write your thesis statement, and then below that, organize the supporting points in a logical order that best supports the thesis of your document (you can always change the order later if you need to). These supporting points are the main categories or topics of your document. Then, add the subcategories or subtopics, which will generally correspond to the supporting paragraphs for each category or topic. And finally, for each subcategory or subtopic, add sub-subcategories or sub-subtopics, if necessary (these can be used to indicate an example or story used to illustrate a supporting point). You generally don't need to include the introduction and conclusion in your outline, although it does not hurt to do so.

In creating your outline, you can, for instance, use a comparison-contrast, cause-and-effect, or problem-solution model, you can give information chronologically, or you can begin with your weakest point and move to your strongest. As you structure your outline, you can use either phrases or complete sentences, but be consistent.

Example:

Thesis: It is important to work.

1. Work gives us something worthwhile to do
1. Allows us to use the skills we've learned.
2. Allows us to gain new skills.
3. Keeps us from getting into too much trouble.
1. Too much free time can be detrimental.
1. Spend all our time watching daytime television.
1. TV can be addictive.
2. TV often portrays violence and illegal acts.
3. TV may cause bad behavior.
2. Spend all our time playing video games.
1. Video games can be addictive.
2. Video games often portray violence and illegal acts.
3. Video games may cause bad behavior.
3. Our thoughts can turn to bad or even illegal deeds.
2. Work allows us to earn money.
1. With money we can buy the things we need.
2. We can buy food.
3. We can buy clothing.
4. We can buy a car.
5. We can buy a home.
3. With money we can help others in need.

When determining whether an idea is a main topic or a supporting point for a topic (that is, a subtopic or sub-subtopic), identify whether or not it adds a new idea of equal value to the other main topics or if it instead supports or explains an idea already stated. If it supports or explains an existing idea, then it should be a subtopic of that topic.

In creating your outline, remember that traditionally, if a topic or category is going to have a subtopic or subcategory, then it should have at least two supporting points that correspond to it. If a topic doesn't require at least two subtopics, then it probably does not need to include a subcategory or subtopic—the sentence or phrase used for the topic can instead be reworded to incorporate the point identified in the subtopic.

In addition, all entries in the outline should be parallel, which is why if you use sentences for some entries, you should use sentences for all entries, or if you use phrases, you should likewise be consistent. If phrases are used, make sure that the phrases follow the same grammatical pattern (that is, nouns are matched with nouns, verb phrases with verb phrases, and so forth).

Not:	1.0 Life is good. 1.1. Stocks are up. 1.2 Low home prices.
But:	1.0 Life is good.       1.1 Stocks are up.       1.2 Home prices are down.

Similarly, topics at the same level should be of equal importance. If they're not, the less important information should be changed to a subtopic of a main topic. Usually, the information in subtopics should be more specific than the information in main topics.

Writing Your Paper
If you have taken your time and written a well-organized, well-thought-out outline, then writing your paper, manuscript, or other document should be relatively easy, especially if you have used the sentence outline format. To write your document, simply use your main topics as the topic sentences of the paragraphs in your paper, and then use your subtopics as your supporting points and the sub-subtopics as the examples or explanatory text. Or for longer papers or books, you would use the main topics as the topic sentences for the introductory paragraphs in a section or chapter (and add other introductory information as needed), and then you would use the subtopics for the topic sentences of the supporting paragraphs, and the sub-subtopics for the sentences that add additional or explanatory text.

Conclusion
Outlines can be an invaluable tool when writing a paper or other document—though not absolutely necessary, they are valuable to a writer in the same way that a blueprint is valuable to a home builder If you take the time to write a good outline, the rest of the writing process can be quite painless—or even enjoyable!

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